The draft genome of Ciona intestinalis: insights into chordate and vertebrate origins.
海鞘基因组草图揭示脊索动物与脊椎动物的起源

Authors / 作者: Dehal P, Satou Y, Campbell RK, Chapman J, Degnan B, De Tomaso A, Davidson B, Di Gregorio A, Gelpke M, Goodstein DM, Harafuji N, Hastings KE, Ho I, Hotta K, Huang W, Kawashima T, Lemaire P, Martinez D, Meinertzhagen IA, Necula S, Nonaka M, Putnam N, Rash S, Saiga H, Satake M, Terry A, Yamada L, Wang HG, Awazu S, Azumi K, Boore J, Branno M, Chin-Bow S, DeSantis R, Doyle S, Francino P, Keys DN, Haga S, Hayashi H, Hino K, Imai KS, Inaba K, Kano S, Kobayashi K, Kobayashi M, Lee BI, Makabe KW, Manohar C, Matassi G, Medina M, Mochizuki Y, Mount S, Morishita T, Miura S, Nakayama A, Nishizaka S, Nomoto H, Ohta F, Oishi K, Rigoutsos I, Sano M, Sasaki A, Sasakura Y, Shoguchi E, Shin-i T, Spagnuolo A, Stainier D, Suzuki MM, Tassy O, Takatori N, Tokuoka M, Yagi K, Yoshizaki F, Wada S, Zhang C, Hyatt PD, Larimer F, Detter C, Doggett N, Glavina T, Hawkins T, Richardson P, Lucas S, Kohara Y, Levine M, Satoh N, Rokhsar DS.
Journal / 期刊: Science (New York, N.Y.)
Year / 年份: 2002
DOI: 10.1126/science.1080049
Publisher / 出版社: https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1080049
Abstract source / 摘要来源: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12481130

Author abstract / 作者原文摘要
The first chordates appear in the fossil record at the time of the Cambrian explosion, nearly 550 million years ago. The modern ascidian tadpole represents a plausible approximation to these ancestral chordates. To illuminate the origins of chordate and vertebrates, we generated a draft of the protein-coding portion of the genome of the most studied ascidian, Ciona intestinalis. The Ciona genome contains approximately 16,000 protein-coding genes, similar to the number in other invertebrates, but only half that found in vertebrates. Vertebrate gene families are typically found in simplified form in Ciona, suggesting that ascidians contain the basic ancestral complement of genes involved in cell signaling and development. The ascidian genome has also acquired a number of lineage-specific innovations, including a group of genes engaged in cellulose metabolism that are related to those in bacteria and fungi.

Summary basis / 解读依据
摘要解读依据已查看的索引作者摘要；如已保存全文，可用于进一步阅读。
Summary based on the inspected indexed author abstract; archived full text, when available, is provided for further reading.

Key findings / 主要发现
玻璃海鞘基因组草图包含约一万六千个蛋白质编码基因。许多脊椎动物基因家族在海鞘中以较简单的形式存在；其谱系特有创新包括与细菌和真菌基因相关的纤维素代谢基因。
The Ciona intestinalis draft genome contains approximately 16,000 protein-coding genes. Many vertebrate gene families occur in simpler forms, while lineage-specific innovations include cellulose-metabolism genes related to bacterial and fungal genes.

Conclusions / 结论
海鞘保留较简单的脊索动物祖先信号与发育基因组分，有助于重建脊椎动物基因组的起源及其后续基因家族扩张。
Ciona preserves a comparatively simple ancestral repertoire of chordate signaling and developmental genes, making it informative for reconstructing vertebrate genomic origins and subsequent gene-family expansion.

Relevance / 关联说明
直接研究清单物种，或研究广义类群中的代表物种。
Direct research on the listed species or a representative of the broadly named group.