中文题名 / Chinese title: 龟类身体构型通过折叠与建立新肌肉连接而演化
英文题名 / English title: Evolution of the turtle body plan by the folding and creation of new muscle connections.
作者 / Authors: Nagashima H, Sugahara F, Takechi M, Ericsson R, Kawashima-Ohya Y, Narita Y, Kuratani S.
期刊 / Journal: Science
年份 / Year: 2009
DOI: 10.1126/science.1173826
论文链接 / Article: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1173826
摘要来源 / Abstract source: https://europepmc.org/article/MED/19590000

英文摘要原文 / Original English abstract
The turtle shell offers a fascinating case study of vertebrate evolution, based on the modification of a common body plan. The carapace is formed from ribs, which encapsulate the scapula; this stands in contrast to the typical amniote body plan and serves as a key to understanding turtle evolution. Comparative analyses of musculoskeletal development between the Chinese soft-shelled turtle and other amniotes revealed that initial turtle development conforms to the amniote pattern; however, during embryogenesis, lateral rib growth results in a shift of elements. In addition, some limb muscles establish new turtle-specific attachments associated with carapace formation. We propose that the evolutionary origin of the turtle body plan results from heterotopy based on folding and novel connectivities.

摘要依据的主要发现 / Findings based on the abstract
比较胚胎学显示龟类早期遵循一般羊膜动物身体模式，随后肋骨侧向生长改变骨骼位置，一些肢体肌肉建立龟类特有的新附着点。
Comparative embryology shows that turtles initially follow the general amniote body plan. Lateral rib growth then shifts skeletal positions, while some limb muscles develop new turtle-specific attachments.

摘要依据的结论 / Conclusions based on the abstract
龟类身体构型可通过共同发育框架中的空间重排和新肌骨连接形成。
The turtle body plan can arise by spatial rearrangement and novel musculoskeletal connections within a shared developmental framework.

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